Sub-GHz Radio¶

The radio communication technology is the heart of the HARDWARIO TOWER - Industrial IoT Kit. This document describes the basic operation of the radio.

With our Iot Kit, you can build your own network in the Sub-GHz band.

The radio frequency 868 MHz (for Europe) or 915 MHz (for the U.S.) allows long distance communication and offers low-power operation. Since this frequency band is used for signal messages, you will not encounter interference with streaming protocols like WiFi, Bluetooth, etc.

Note

HARDWARIO TOWER - Industrial IoT Kit uses SPIRIT1 radio transceiver from STMicroelectronics.

Communication Range¶

We have done several radio communication tests. We claim, that from a single point, you are typically able to provide a full-house radio coverage.

On the other hand, several factors influence the communication distance - the most important is the building material from which you have built your house, obstacles in the path, interference from other appliances, etc.

The only objective radio communication range measurement is a so-called line-of-sight distance measured outdoor.

Important

We’ve achieved more than 500 meters line-of-sight communication range between two Core Modules.

Also the single Radio Dongle / Core Module is enough to cover three-story house and whole garden around it.

On the other hand, if the radio communication range is not sufficient, the network can be expanded on IP level thanks to MQTT message replication to a master server.

Note

You will need to search for connection, address and topic directives in the mosquitto.conf configuration file.

Radio Topology¶

IoT Kit supports only star network topology. Such configuration offers high reliability, easy troubleshooting and deterministic service time from batteries.

There are two types of devices in the HARDWARIO radio network:

Radio Dongle
You can pair up to 32 devices.
Radio Node
Every node has to be paired to the gateway. A node device can be some sensor (e.g. temperature, humidity, CO2) or actuator (power relay, LCD display, LED strip controller).

Radio Pairing¶

Pairing process is very straightforward procedure:

Step 1: The gateway device needs to be in the pairing mode¶

Note

The MQTT command for this operation is described in the document MQTT Topics.

If you are using Playground, you can start it in the Devices Tab

Step 2: The node device has to transmit the pairing request¶

This is done by cycling the power on the node device. On battery-operated node, you simple remove the batteries, wait a few seconds (to get the capacitors discharged) and insert the batteries back. The pairing request is sent on the boot.

Step 3: Once all node devices are enrolled, you have to exit the pairing mode¶

Note

The MQTT command for this operation is described in the document MQTT Topics.

If you are using Playground, you can stop it in the Devices Tab

Low Power Radio Communication¶

All battery operated radio nodes have turned off the radio receiver when they are sleeping. The gateway is listening all the time. This way it is very easy to send data anytime from battery operated node to the gateway.

The other way - communication from gateway to the remote node is a bit tricky. Let’s say you would like battery operated node with Relay Module which is bistable and needs energy only when changing its state. There are a few solutions for this functionality:

Using power adapter

By using Power Module or micro USB cable to power Core Module constantly you can enable radio mode TWR_RADIO_MODE_NODE_LISTENING in your firmware.

void application_init(void)
{
    twr_radio_init(TWR_RADIO_MODE_NODE_LISTENING);
}

Set listening timeout for sleeping node

In the firmware you can set the time that the sleeping node will listen after every send message from Node to the Gateway. You set it by calling twr_radio_set_rx_timeout_for_sleeping_node API.

This way let’s say you send the measured temperature every 10 minutes and in your Node-RED or server code you will react to this MQTT temperature message and immediately response with MQTT message to toggle the relay. We did some tests and 400 ms is more then enough timeout for Node-RED to send the response MQTT message.

This solution adds to the power consumption and you have to find right balance between battery life and response time the relay can be switched.

/* Temperature event handler, this will just send the value through the radio *
 * and allow the Core Module to switch to Listening mode for 400ms            */
void tmp112_event_handler(twr_tmp112_t *self, twr_tmp112_event_t event, void *event_param)
{
    float value;
    event_param_t *param = (event_param_t *)event_param;

    if (event == TWR_TMP112_EVENT_UPDATE)
    {
        twr_radio_pub_temperature(param->channel, &value);
        param->value = value;
        values.temperature = value;
    }
}

void application_init(void)
{

    static twr_tmp112_t temperature;
    twr_tmp112_init(&temperature, TWR_I2C_I2C0, 0x49);
    twr_tmp112_set_event_handler(&temperature, tmp112_event_handler, NULL);
    twr_tmp112_set_update_interval(&temperature, 60 * 1000);               // Update every 10 minutes

    twr_radio_init(TWR_RADIO_MODE_NODE_SLEEPING);
    twr_radio_pairing_request("relay", VERSION);
    twr_radio_set_rx_timeout_for_sleeping_node(400);
}

Synchronized clock of nodes

With RTC support in SDK it is possible to synchronize the clock of the nodes and create a firmware that will for example listen for 1 second in every 10 minutes. This way the node does not need to send packet like in previous solution, but it needs to be perfectly time-synchronized with the gateway and Node-RED.

Radio Parameters¶

Parameter	Value
Communication frequency (Europe)	868.0 MHz
Communication frequency (U.S.)	915.0 MHz
Modulation Type	GFSK
Modulation Rate	19.2 kbps
TX Frequency Deviation	20 kHz
TX Transmit Power	11.6 dBm
RX Filter Bandwidth	100 kHz

Using 915 MHz for US, Canada & others¶

For parts of the world where the ISM band is 915 MHz, you cannot use default 868 MHz communication frequency. During the code compilation you have to pass BAND parameter to the make like this:

make BAND=915

Right now it is not possible to use bcf tool because all the firmwares are pre-compiled with 868 MHz band. Make sure you also compile Radio Dongle firmware with this parameter.

Packet Structure¶

PRE(4)

SYN(4)

LEN(1)

DST(1)

DATA(0..60)

CRC(2)

Explanation of the fields:

PRE(4)
This part is called preamble and consists of alternating sequence of zeroes and ones (32 bits).
SYN(4)
This part is called synchronization word and has a fixed value of 0x88888888.
LEN(1)
This part determines the length of the DATA plus 1 (DST field is also counted).
DST(1)
This is destination address (for logic network addressing).
DATA(0..60)
Variable length payload data field.
CRC(2)
Checksum calculated over all fields excluding PRE and SYN fields. The polynomial of the CRC engine is 0x1021.